Japanese Temple Problem From 1844











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I recently learnt a Japanese geometry temple problem.



The problem is the following:



Five squares are arranged as the image shows. Prove that the area of triangle T and the area of square S are equal.





This is problem 6 in this article.
I am thinking about law of cosines, but I have not been able to prove the theorem. Any hints would be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question




























    up vote
    14
    down vote

    favorite
    6












    I recently learnt a Japanese geometry temple problem.



    The problem is the following:



    Five squares are arranged as the image shows. Prove that the area of triangle T and the area of square S are equal.





    This is problem 6 in this article.
    I am thinking about law of cosines, but I have not been able to prove the theorem. Any hints would be appreciated.










    share|cite|improve this question


























      up vote
      14
      down vote

      favorite
      6









      up vote
      14
      down vote

      favorite
      6






      6





      I recently learnt a Japanese geometry temple problem.



      The problem is the following:



      Five squares are arranged as the image shows. Prove that the area of triangle T and the area of square S are equal.





      This is problem 6 in this article.
      I am thinking about law of cosines, but I have not been able to prove the theorem. Any hints would be appreciated.










      share|cite|improve this question















      I recently learnt a Japanese geometry temple problem.



      The problem is the following:



      Five squares are arranged as the image shows. Prove that the area of triangle T and the area of square S are equal.





      This is problem 6 in this article.
      I am thinking about law of cosines, but I have not been able to prove the theorem. Any hints would be appreciated.







      geometry sangaku






      share|cite|improve this question















      share|cite|improve this question













      share|cite|improve this question




      share|cite|improve this question








      edited 6 hours ago









      Jean-Claude Arbaut

      14.5k63361




      14.5k63361










      asked 6 hours ago









      Larry

      9141321




      9141321






















          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes

















          up vote
          8
          down vote



          accepted










          We will, first of all, prove a very interesting property




          $mathbf{Lemma;1}$



          Given two squares PQRS and PTUV (as shown on the picture), the triangles $Delta STP$ and $Delta PVQ$ have equal area.




          $mathbf {Proof}$



          enter image description here



          Denote by $alpha$ the angle SPT and by $[...]$ the area of the polygon "...". Hence
          $$[Delta STP]=frac{overline {PS}*overline {PT}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$ $$[Delta PVQ]=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(360°-(90°+90+alpha)Bigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(180°-alphaBigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$



          Since $overline {PS}=overline {PQ}$ and $overline {PT}=overline {PV}$ $$[Delta STP]=[Delta PVQ]$$



          Now, back to the problem



          enter image description here
          Let $overline {AB}=a$ and $overline {IJ}=b$. Note first of all that $$Delta BEC cong Delta EIF$$
          See why? $mathbf {Hint:}$




          It is obvious that $overline {CE}=overline {EF}$. Use the properties of right triangles in order to show that all angles are equal.




          Thus $${(overline{CE})^2}={a^2}+{b^2}=S$$



          Note furthermore that $$[Delta BEC]=[Delta EIF]=frac{ab}{2}$$
          By Lemma 1:
          $$[Delta DCG]=[Delta BEC]=frac{ab}{2}=[Delta EIF]=[Delta GFK]$$
          The area of the polygon AJKGD is thus
          $$[AJKGD]=[ABCD]+[CEFG]+[FIJK]+4[Delta DCG]=2Bigl({a^2}+{b^2}Bigr)+2ab$$



          The area of the trapezoid AJKD is moreover
          $$[AJKD]=frac{(a+b)(2a+2b)}{2}={a^2}+2ab+{b^2}$$



          Finally
          $$T=[Delta DKG]=[AJKGD]-[AJKD]={a^2}+{b^2}=S Rightarrow S=T$$






          share|cite|improve this answer

















          • 1




            Nice. Maybe one can simplify the proof of the Lemma. Rotate $QPV$ by $pi/2$ clokwise around $P$; you get a triangle with the same basis and same heigth as $PST$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago






          • 1




            +1, and I almost never +1 a rival answer, but I learned a lot from this and wish I could have come up with it myself.
            – J.G.
            5 hours ago










          • @Dr. Mathva: Thank you so much for your answer!
            – Larry
            4 hours ago




















          up vote
          2
          down vote













          This is a long comment.



          The shapes $S,,T$ share a vertex $A$ where six angles meet, three of them right angles. The other three angles therefore sum to a right angle. Let $theta$ be the angle in $T$, so the two other acute angles, and the right angle between them from $S$, sum to $pi-theta$. Since $sintheta=sin(pi-theta)$, $T$ has the same area as $triangle ABC$, where $BA,,AC$ are sides of the upper squares.



          The challenge, then, is to show $S$ has that much area too. Let $D$ denote the vertex of $S$ opposite $A$. I suspect we can show the quadrilateral $BACD$ has twice the area of $S$, and also twice the area of $triangle ABC$.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • I don't think that $BACD$ has twice the area of $ABC$. If you try to move $ABC$ by shearing to get a triangle with side $BC$ and something on the bottom line, the third point isn't $D$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is a rhombus because its opposite sides are parallel. So it does have twice the area of $ABC$.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is not a rhombus.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • Sorry, I meant parallellogram @D.Thomine.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • Not a parallelogram either.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago











          Your Answer





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          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes








          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes








          up vote
          8
          down vote



          accepted










          We will, first of all, prove a very interesting property




          $mathbf{Lemma;1}$



          Given two squares PQRS and PTUV (as shown on the picture), the triangles $Delta STP$ and $Delta PVQ$ have equal area.




          $mathbf {Proof}$



          enter image description here



          Denote by $alpha$ the angle SPT and by $[...]$ the area of the polygon "...". Hence
          $$[Delta STP]=frac{overline {PS}*overline {PT}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$ $$[Delta PVQ]=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(360°-(90°+90+alpha)Bigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(180°-alphaBigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$



          Since $overline {PS}=overline {PQ}$ and $overline {PT}=overline {PV}$ $$[Delta STP]=[Delta PVQ]$$



          Now, back to the problem



          enter image description here
          Let $overline {AB}=a$ and $overline {IJ}=b$. Note first of all that $$Delta BEC cong Delta EIF$$
          See why? $mathbf {Hint:}$




          It is obvious that $overline {CE}=overline {EF}$. Use the properties of right triangles in order to show that all angles are equal.




          Thus $${(overline{CE})^2}={a^2}+{b^2}=S$$



          Note furthermore that $$[Delta BEC]=[Delta EIF]=frac{ab}{2}$$
          By Lemma 1:
          $$[Delta DCG]=[Delta BEC]=frac{ab}{2}=[Delta EIF]=[Delta GFK]$$
          The area of the polygon AJKGD is thus
          $$[AJKGD]=[ABCD]+[CEFG]+[FIJK]+4[Delta DCG]=2Bigl({a^2}+{b^2}Bigr)+2ab$$



          The area of the trapezoid AJKD is moreover
          $$[AJKD]=frac{(a+b)(2a+2b)}{2}={a^2}+2ab+{b^2}$$



          Finally
          $$T=[Delta DKG]=[AJKGD]-[AJKD]={a^2}+{b^2}=S Rightarrow S=T$$






          share|cite|improve this answer

















          • 1




            Nice. Maybe one can simplify the proof of the Lemma. Rotate $QPV$ by $pi/2$ clokwise around $P$; you get a triangle with the same basis and same heigth as $PST$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago






          • 1




            +1, and I almost never +1 a rival answer, but I learned a lot from this and wish I could have come up with it myself.
            – J.G.
            5 hours ago










          • @Dr. Mathva: Thank you so much for your answer!
            – Larry
            4 hours ago

















          up vote
          8
          down vote



          accepted










          We will, first of all, prove a very interesting property




          $mathbf{Lemma;1}$



          Given two squares PQRS and PTUV (as shown on the picture), the triangles $Delta STP$ and $Delta PVQ$ have equal area.




          $mathbf {Proof}$



          enter image description here



          Denote by $alpha$ the angle SPT and by $[...]$ the area of the polygon "...". Hence
          $$[Delta STP]=frac{overline {PS}*overline {PT}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$ $$[Delta PVQ]=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(360°-(90°+90+alpha)Bigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(180°-alphaBigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$



          Since $overline {PS}=overline {PQ}$ and $overline {PT}=overline {PV}$ $$[Delta STP]=[Delta PVQ]$$



          Now, back to the problem



          enter image description here
          Let $overline {AB}=a$ and $overline {IJ}=b$. Note first of all that $$Delta BEC cong Delta EIF$$
          See why? $mathbf {Hint:}$




          It is obvious that $overline {CE}=overline {EF}$. Use the properties of right triangles in order to show that all angles are equal.




          Thus $${(overline{CE})^2}={a^2}+{b^2}=S$$



          Note furthermore that $$[Delta BEC]=[Delta EIF]=frac{ab}{2}$$
          By Lemma 1:
          $$[Delta DCG]=[Delta BEC]=frac{ab}{2}=[Delta EIF]=[Delta GFK]$$
          The area of the polygon AJKGD is thus
          $$[AJKGD]=[ABCD]+[CEFG]+[FIJK]+4[Delta DCG]=2Bigl({a^2}+{b^2}Bigr)+2ab$$



          The area of the trapezoid AJKD is moreover
          $$[AJKD]=frac{(a+b)(2a+2b)}{2}={a^2}+2ab+{b^2}$$



          Finally
          $$T=[Delta DKG]=[AJKGD]-[AJKD]={a^2}+{b^2}=S Rightarrow S=T$$






          share|cite|improve this answer

















          • 1




            Nice. Maybe one can simplify the proof of the Lemma. Rotate $QPV$ by $pi/2$ clokwise around $P$; you get a triangle with the same basis and same heigth as $PST$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago






          • 1




            +1, and I almost never +1 a rival answer, but I learned a lot from this and wish I could have come up with it myself.
            – J.G.
            5 hours ago










          • @Dr. Mathva: Thank you so much for your answer!
            – Larry
            4 hours ago















          up vote
          8
          down vote



          accepted







          up vote
          8
          down vote



          accepted






          We will, first of all, prove a very interesting property




          $mathbf{Lemma;1}$



          Given two squares PQRS and PTUV (as shown on the picture), the triangles $Delta STP$ and $Delta PVQ$ have equal area.




          $mathbf {Proof}$



          enter image description here



          Denote by $alpha$ the angle SPT and by $[...]$ the area of the polygon "...". Hence
          $$[Delta STP]=frac{overline {PS}*overline {PT}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$ $$[Delta PVQ]=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(360°-(90°+90+alpha)Bigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(180°-alphaBigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$



          Since $overline {PS}=overline {PQ}$ and $overline {PT}=overline {PV}$ $$[Delta STP]=[Delta PVQ]$$



          Now, back to the problem



          enter image description here
          Let $overline {AB}=a$ and $overline {IJ}=b$. Note first of all that $$Delta BEC cong Delta EIF$$
          See why? $mathbf {Hint:}$




          It is obvious that $overline {CE}=overline {EF}$. Use the properties of right triangles in order to show that all angles are equal.




          Thus $${(overline{CE})^2}={a^2}+{b^2}=S$$



          Note furthermore that $$[Delta BEC]=[Delta EIF]=frac{ab}{2}$$
          By Lemma 1:
          $$[Delta DCG]=[Delta BEC]=frac{ab}{2}=[Delta EIF]=[Delta GFK]$$
          The area of the polygon AJKGD is thus
          $$[AJKGD]=[ABCD]+[CEFG]+[FIJK]+4[Delta DCG]=2Bigl({a^2}+{b^2}Bigr)+2ab$$



          The area of the trapezoid AJKD is moreover
          $$[AJKD]=frac{(a+b)(2a+2b)}{2}={a^2}+2ab+{b^2}$$



          Finally
          $$T=[Delta DKG]=[AJKGD]-[AJKD]={a^2}+{b^2}=S Rightarrow S=T$$






          share|cite|improve this answer












          We will, first of all, prove a very interesting property




          $mathbf{Lemma;1}$



          Given two squares PQRS and PTUV (as shown on the picture), the triangles $Delta STP$ and $Delta PVQ$ have equal area.




          $mathbf {Proof}$



          enter image description here



          Denote by $alpha$ the angle SPT and by $[...]$ the area of the polygon "...". Hence
          $$[Delta STP]=frac{overline {PS}*overline {PT}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$ $$[Delta PVQ]=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(360°-(90°+90+alpha)Bigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sinBigl(180°-alphaBigr)}{2}=frac{overline {QP}*overline {PV}*sin(alpha)}{2}$$



          Since $overline {PS}=overline {PQ}$ and $overline {PT}=overline {PV}$ $$[Delta STP]=[Delta PVQ]$$



          Now, back to the problem



          enter image description here
          Let $overline {AB}=a$ and $overline {IJ}=b$. Note first of all that $$Delta BEC cong Delta EIF$$
          See why? $mathbf {Hint:}$




          It is obvious that $overline {CE}=overline {EF}$. Use the properties of right triangles in order to show that all angles are equal.




          Thus $${(overline{CE})^2}={a^2}+{b^2}=S$$



          Note furthermore that $$[Delta BEC]=[Delta EIF]=frac{ab}{2}$$
          By Lemma 1:
          $$[Delta DCG]=[Delta BEC]=frac{ab}{2}=[Delta EIF]=[Delta GFK]$$
          The area of the polygon AJKGD is thus
          $$[AJKGD]=[ABCD]+[CEFG]+[FIJK]+4[Delta DCG]=2Bigl({a^2}+{b^2}Bigr)+2ab$$



          The area of the trapezoid AJKD is moreover
          $$[AJKD]=frac{(a+b)(2a+2b)}{2}={a^2}+2ab+{b^2}$$



          Finally
          $$T=[Delta DKG]=[AJKGD]-[AJKD]={a^2}+{b^2}=S Rightarrow S=T$$







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered 5 hours ago









          Dr. Mathva

          1656




          1656








          • 1




            Nice. Maybe one can simplify the proof of the Lemma. Rotate $QPV$ by $pi/2$ clokwise around $P$; you get a triangle with the same basis and same heigth as $PST$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago






          • 1




            +1, and I almost never +1 a rival answer, but I learned a lot from this and wish I could have come up with it myself.
            – J.G.
            5 hours ago










          • @Dr. Mathva: Thank you so much for your answer!
            – Larry
            4 hours ago
















          • 1




            Nice. Maybe one can simplify the proof of the Lemma. Rotate $QPV$ by $pi/2$ clokwise around $P$; you get a triangle with the same basis and same heigth as $PST$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago






          • 1




            +1, and I almost never +1 a rival answer, but I learned a lot from this and wish I could have come up with it myself.
            – J.G.
            5 hours ago










          • @Dr. Mathva: Thank you so much for your answer!
            – Larry
            4 hours ago










          1




          1




          Nice. Maybe one can simplify the proof of the Lemma. Rotate $QPV$ by $pi/2$ clokwise around $P$; you get a triangle with the same basis and same heigth as $PST$.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago




          Nice. Maybe one can simplify the proof of the Lemma. Rotate $QPV$ by $pi/2$ clokwise around $P$; you get a triangle with the same basis and same heigth as $PST$.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago




          1




          1




          +1, and I almost never +1 a rival answer, but I learned a lot from this and wish I could have come up with it myself.
          – J.G.
          5 hours ago




          +1, and I almost never +1 a rival answer, but I learned a lot from this and wish I could have come up with it myself.
          – J.G.
          5 hours ago












          @Dr. Mathva: Thank you so much for your answer!
          – Larry
          4 hours ago






          @Dr. Mathva: Thank you so much for your answer!
          – Larry
          4 hours ago












          up vote
          2
          down vote













          This is a long comment.



          The shapes $S,,T$ share a vertex $A$ where six angles meet, three of them right angles. The other three angles therefore sum to a right angle. Let $theta$ be the angle in $T$, so the two other acute angles, and the right angle between them from $S$, sum to $pi-theta$. Since $sintheta=sin(pi-theta)$, $T$ has the same area as $triangle ABC$, where $BA,,AC$ are sides of the upper squares.



          The challenge, then, is to show $S$ has that much area too. Let $D$ denote the vertex of $S$ opposite $A$. I suspect we can show the quadrilateral $BACD$ has twice the area of $S$, and also twice the area of $triangle ABC$.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • I don't think that $BACD$ has twice the area of $ABC$. If you try to move $ABC$ by shearing to get a triangle with side $BC$ and something on the bottom line, the third point isn't $D$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is a rhombus because its opposite sides are parallel. So it does have twice the area of $ABC$.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is not a rhombus.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • Sorry, I meant parallellogram @D.Thomine.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • Not a parallelogram either.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago















          up vote
          2
          down vote













          This is a long comment.



          The shapes $S,,T$ share a vertex $A$ where six angles meet, three of them right angles. The other three angles therefore sum to a right angle. Let $theta$ be the angle in $T$, so the two other acute angles, and the right angle between them from $S$, sum to $pi-theta$. Since $sintheta=sin(pi-theta)$, $T$ has the same area as $triangle ABC$, where $BA,,AC$ are sides of the upper squares.



          The challenge, then, is to show $S$ has that much area too. Let $D$ denote the vertex of $S$ opposite $A$. I suspect we can show the quadrilateral $BACD$ has twice the area of $S$, and also twice the area of $triangle ABC$.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • I don't think that $BACD$ has twice the area of $ABC$. If you try to move $ABC$ by shearing to get a triangle with side $BC$ and something on the bottom line, the third point isn't $D$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is a rhombus because its opposite sides are parallel. So it does have twice the area of $ABC$.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is not a rhombus.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • Sorry, I meant parallellogram @D.Thomine.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • Not a parallelogram either.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago













          up vote
          2
          down vote










          up vote
          2
          down vote









          This is a long comment.



          The shapes $S,,T$ share a vertex $A$ where six angles meet, three of them right angles. The other three angles therefore sum to a right angle. Let $theta$ be the angle in $T$, so the two other acute angles, and the right angle between them from $S$, sum to $pi-theta$. Since $sintheta=sin(pi-theta)$, $T$ has the same area as $triangle ABC$, where $BA,,AC$ are sides of the upper squares.



          The challenge, then, is to show $S$ has that much area too. Let $D$ denote the vertex of $S$ opposite $A$. I suspect we can show the quadrilateral $BACD$ has twice the area of $S$, and also twice the area of $triangle ABC$.






          share|cite|improve this answer












          This is a long comment.



          The shapes $S,,T$ share a vertex $A$ where six angles meet, three of them right angles. The other three angles therefore sum to a right angle. Let $theta$ be the angle in $T$, so the two other acute angles, and the right angle between them from $S$, sum to $pi-theta$. Since $sintheta=sin(pi-theta)$, $T$ has the same area as $triangle ABC$, where $BA,,AC$ are sides of the upper squares.



          The challenge, then, is to show $S$ has that much area too. Let $D$ denote the vertex of $S$ opposite $A$. I suspect we can show the quadrilateral $BACD$ has twice the area of $S$, and also twice the area of $triangle ABC$.







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered 6 hours ago









          J.G.

          18.5k21932




          18.5k21932












          • I don't think that $BACD$ has twice the area of $ABC$. If you try to move $ABC$ by shearing to get a triangle with side $BC$ and something on the bottom line, the third point isn't $D$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is a rhombus because its opposite sides are parallel. So it does have twice the area of $ABC$.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is not a rhombus.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • Sorry, I meant parallellogram @D.Thomine.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • Not a parallelogram either.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago


















          • I don't think that $BACD$ has twice the area of $ABC$. If you try to move $ABC$ by shearing to get a triangle with side $BC$ and something on the bottom line, the third point isn't $D$.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is a rhombus because its opposite sides are parallel. So it does have twice the area of $ABC$.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • $BACD$ is not a rhombus.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago










          • Sorry, I meant parallellogram @D.Thomine.
            – I like Serena
            5 hours ago










          • Not a parallelogram either.
            – D. Thomine
            5 hours ago
















          I don't think that $BACD$ has twice the area of $ABC$. If you try to move $ABC$ by shearing to get a triangle with side $BC$ and something on the bottom line, the third point isn't $D$.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago




          I don't think that $BACD$ has twice the area of $ABC$. If you try to move $ABC$ by shearing to get a triangle with side $BC$ and something on the bottom line, the third point isn't $D$.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago












          $BACD$ is a rhombus because its opposite sides are parallel. So it does have twice the area of $ABC$.
          – I like Serena
          5 hours ago




          $BACD$ is a rhombus because its opposite sides are parallel. So it does have twice the area of $ABC$.
          – I like Serena
          5 hours ago












          $BACD$ is not a rhombus.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago




          $BACD$ is not a rhombus.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago












          Sorry, I meant parallellogram @D.Thomine.
          – I like Serena
          5 hours ago




          Sorry, I meant parallellogram @D.Thomine.
          – I like Serena
          5 hours ago












          Not a parallelogram either.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago




          Not a parallelogram either.
          – D. Thomine
          5 hours ago


















           

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